YEARS OF JEWISH LIFE IN EUROPE
Most Jewish communities of Europe had
come into existence hundreds of years before Nazi Germany.
NORWAY
88
YEARS
DENMARK
317 YEARS
HOLLAND
800
YEARS
BELGIUM
700
YEARS
LUXEMBURG
653 YEARS
FRANCE
1936YEARS
AUSTRIA
2100YEARS
ITALY
2100YEARS
GREECE
2239YEARS
YUGOSLAVIA
1000YEARS
ROMANIA
1900YEARS
HUNGARY
1900YEARS
CZECH
1000YEARS
CRIMEA
1900 YEARS
UKRAINE
822 YEARS
WHITE RUSSIA
550
YEARS
LATVIA
400
YEARS
ESTONIA
600
YEARS
LITHUANIA 600 YEARS
POLAND
850
YEARS
GERMANY
1618YEARS
All this was
to be destroyed by Nazi Germany
- 1941 -
January 10 All Jews are
registered (Netherlands)
February 5 The Law for
the Protection of the State - Jews get double punishment for crimes (Romania)
March 3 Krakow ghetto
established
March 1 Himmler orders
a camp at Birkenau (Auschwitz II) built
April 6 Germany invades
Yugoslavia (surrenders April 18) and Greece
April 13 Japan and the
Soviet Union sign a neutrality pact
April 24 Lublin ghetto
sealed
June 22 Germany invades
the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa)
June 29 "Black Sunday"
- in the courtyard of the Iasi police headquarters, several thousand Jews are shot
June 29-July 2 In Dvinsk,
all Jewish males from 16 to 60 years old are arrested
July 8 Jews in Baltic
countries must wear Star of David
July 12 Anglo-Soviet Mutual
Assistance Pact
July 20 Minsk ghetto established
July 24 Kishinev ghetto
established
July 25-27 The "Petliura
Days" - pogrom in Lvov
August 1 Bialystok ghetto
established
August 14 Atlantic Charter
signed
September 19 Jews who
are six years old or older must wear a yellow Star of David (Germany)
September 1 Euthanasia
Program officially ended
September 3 First gassing
tests at Auschwitz
September 3-6 Two ghettos
in Vilna established
September 19 All Jews
in the Reich must wear the yellow Star of David in public
September 29-30 Babi Yar
October 8 Vitebsk ghetto
liquidated
October 10 Theresienstadt
Ghetto established
October 11 Chernovtsy
ghetto established
October 23 Jewish emigration
from Germany prohibited
November 1 Belzec extermination
camp begins construction
November 25 The Association
des Juifs en Belgique (Association of Jews in Belgium) established
December Lwow ghetto established
December 7 Japan attacks
the United States at Pearl Harbor;
Night and Fog Decree
December 8 Chelmno death
camp opens near Lodz, Poland
December 10 Germany and
Italy declare war on the United States, the United States reciprocates
- 1942 -
January 20 Wannsee Conference
January 21 Jews in Vilna
create the Fareynegte Partizaner Organizatsye (United Partisan Organization)
February 23 The Sturma
sinks after being refused entry into Palestine
March Start of "Aktion
Rheinhard"
March First transports
of Jews to Auschwitz
March 1 Sobibor camp established
March 16 Belzec camp established
March 25 Kolomyia ghetto
established
April 29 Jews in Netherlands
must wear the yellow Star of David
April 30 Pinsk ghetto
established
May 1 Dvinsk ghetto is
virtually liquidated
May 27 Heydrich is severely
wounded - dies on June 4
June 3 Jews in Belgium
must wear the yellow Star of David
June 7 Jews in occupied
France must wear the yellow Star of David;
United States wins battle
at Midway
June 10 Nazis revenge
death of Heydrich - wipe out Lidice, Czechoslovakia
July 20 Jewish uprising
at Nesvizh
July 23 Treblinka camp
established
July 28 The Zydowska Organizacja
Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organization) established in Warsaw
August 9 Mir ghetto liquidated
- Armed Jews resist
August 16-18 Radom ghetto
liquidated
Sept. 15 -
Jan. 31, 1943 Battle of
Stalingrad
November 8 Operation Torch
begins
- 1943 -
January 18-22 First Warsaw
ghetto uprising
February 24 Salonika ghetto
established
February 26 First transport
of Gypsies to Auschwitz - placed in Auschwitz II in the "Gypsy Camp"
February 29 The Kolomyia
ghetto is liquidated
April Bergen-Belsen established
April 13 Katyn Forest
Massacre graves are discovered
April 19 Revolt in the
Warsaw ghetto (resisted for 27 days)
June 20 The Ternopol ghetto
is liquidated
June 25 Revolt in Czestochowa,
Poland ghetto
July 5 The Sobibor extermination
camp is made a concentration camp under Himmler's orders
August 2 Revolt at Treblinka
death camp
August 16 Revolt of Bialystok
ghetto
September 14 The Minsk
ghetto is liquidated
September 24 The Vilna
ghetto is liquidated
October 13 Italy declares
war on Germany
October 14 Revolt in Sobibor
November 3 Aktion Erntefest
(Harvest Festival) begins - liquidates the Trawniki, the Poniatowa, and the Majdanek camps
Nov. 28 - Dec. 1 Teheran
Conference
- 1944 -
Assassination attempt on Hitler
March 19 Germany invades
Hungary
April 5 Jews in Hungary
must wear the yellow Star of David
April 7 Alfred Wetzler
and Rudolf Vrba escape from Auschwitz - their descriptions of Auschwitz reach the world and become known as the Auschwitz
Protocols
June 6 D-day
July 8 The Kovno ghetto
is liquidated
July 20 Soviet troops
liberate Majdanek concentration camp
July 28 First major death
march begins - Warsaw to Kutno
August 1 Zigeunernacht
- 40,000 Gypsies gassed in a single action at Auschwitz
August 1 - October 2 Polish
rebellion in Warsaw
October 6-7 An uprising
at Auschwitz by the Sonnderkommandos
November 2 Gassings at
Auschwitz terminated
December 16 Battle of
the Bulge
- 1945 -
January 17 Soviet troops
liberate Warsaw;
"Death March" from Auschwitz
begins;
Raoul Wallenberg is arrested
by the Soviets
January 19 Soviet troops
liberate the Lodz ghetto (877 left out of 250,000 Jews)
January 27 Soviet troops
liberate Auschwitz
February 4-12 Yalta Conference
April 5-6 Buchenwald evacuated
April 9 Mauthausen evacuated
April 11 American troops
liberate Buchenwald
April 12 Franklin D. Roosevelt
dies; Truman becomes President of the U.S.
April 15 British troops
liberate Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
April 21 Ravensbrück evacuated
April 28 American troops
liberate Dachau;
Mussolini shot by Italian
partisans
April 29 Ravensbrück is
liberated
April 30 Hitler commits
suicide in the Berlin bunker
May 2 Soviet troops take
Berlin
May 3 Nazis hand over
Theresienstadt to the International Red Cross
May 5 Liberation of Mauthausen
May 7 The Germans surrender
May 8 War in Europe ends
(V-E Day)
May 23 Himmler captured
July - August Potsdam
Conference
August 6 Atomic bomb dropped
on Hiroshima
August 8 The Soviet Union
declares war on Japan;
Allies establish the War
Crimes Tribunal
August 9 Atomic bomb dropped
on Nagasaki
August 15 Japan surrenders
November 22 Nuremberg
trials (ends October 1, 1946)
- 1948 -
May 14 Israel is established